TRANSFORMING WASTE PHOSPHORUS INTO A NUTRIENT-RICH SOURCE FOR A GREENER FUTURE
Calcium/Iron Oxide; Circular Economy, Iron Mining Waste; Phosphorus Recovery.
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient but has finite resources and reserves, and its losses from agricultural, industrial, and domestic sources intensify eutrophication, threatening aquatic ecosystems. Recovering P from wastewater is crucial for environmental protection and for extending global P reserves within a circular bioeconomy. Iron mining waste, rich in Fe oxides, presents an opportunity for valorization as an adsorbent in P recovery, while in agriculture, improving P-use efficiency, particularly through seed priming or coating, has been fundamental for early plant development. This study synthesized calcium–iron (Ca/Fe) oxides (ReFert) from mining waste, producing a material capable of removing P from aqueous solution and subsequently functioning as an alternative fertilizer for maize (Zea mays L.). Material characterization by SEM–EDS, XRD, Mössbauer spectroscopy, confirmed significant structural and mineralogical transformations, including the formation of Ca ferrite, which markedly enhanced P adsorption capacity from 3 to ~31 mg g⁻¹ across a wide pH range. Desorption assays showed that osmopriming with the P-enriched material (ReFertP) accelerated germination and increased root growth, indicating improved early nutrient access. In greenhouse trials, all P-fertilized plants outperformed the unfertilized control. Although single superphosphate applied to the soil produced the greatest biomass and higher photosynthetic performance. ReFertP matched or exceeded single superphosphate in shoot P concentration when applied directly to the soil. Overall, ReFertP efficiently adsorbed and supplied P, demonstrating its potential as a sustainable alternative fertilizer that integrates wastewater remediation with agricultural productivity, thereby promoting circular bioeconomy strategies by converting iron mining waste into value-added inputs.