Research trends and gaps on ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by dung beetles
Dung beetles, ecological functions, ecosystem services.
Dung beetles are crucial for maintaining multiple ecosystem functions essential for human well-being. However, a comprehensive assessment of the research landscape is necessary to identify knowledge gaps and guide future studies. We conducted a systematic review of 248 papers published between June 2008 and June 2023 to characterize the temporal and spatial distribution of research on dung beetle ecological functions, assess the state of knowledge for each function, and identify methodological trends. Our analysis reveals a steady increase in publications, but this growth is marked by significant geographical, functional, and methodological biases. Research is heavily concentrated in the Neotropical realm, particularly focusing on organic matter decomposition in natural forests and pastures, with a strong reliance on field experiments using cattle dung. In contrast, biodiversity hotspots in the Afrotropical and Asian realms, a wide range of other ecological functions (e.g., greenhouse gas emission control, biological control), and various anthropogenic habitats (e.g., monocultures,
urban areas) remain critically understudied. Furthermore, a significant gap exists between the quantification of ecological functions and the economic valuation of their ecosystem services, which hinders the development of policy-relevant conservation strategies. To advance the field toward a more holistic and predictive science, future research must prioritize these underrepresented regions, functions, and habitats, while diversifying methodological approaches to include a broader range of experimental designs and dung resources. Addressing these gaps is essential for developing effective, context-specific conservation strategies that reflect the global importance of this functional group.