Physicochemical and Biomedical Evaluation of Bisabolol Oil-Loaded Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel Systems
Hydrogels; Biopolymer; (-)-α-Bisabolol; Antibacterial activity; Wound healing
Wound healing is a complicated biological process often disrupted by infection, dehydration, and limited cell growth. A moist environment, infection prevention, and biocompatibility are all required. Chitosan (CS) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) are natural biopolymers known for their biocompatibility and biodegradability, with the ability to create considerable stable hydrogel matrices. α-Bisabolol (BIS), a naturally occurring sesquiterpene alcohol, has been reported as a strong anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. This enables it as a promising option for wound treatment. Rheological properties were measured in CS/CNF-bisabolol oil suspensions in the liquid state, prior to gelation, to investigate oil incorporation effects on flow behavior and network interactions. Rheological tests revealed that all formulations exhibited shear-thinning, non-Newtonian behavior, with viscoelastic gel-like characteristics. α-Bisabolol-enriched chitosan/cellulose nanofiber hybrid hydrogels were formulated using the freeze-casting method. Varying concentrations of α-bisabolol oil were incorporated, which were stabilized by Tween 80. The surface morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the structural and chemical interactions in the hydrogels. A moisture retention test revealed that bisabolol-enriched hydrogels retained up to 97% of their hydration and could absorb water up to 10 times their original weight. The optimal water vapor transition rate was obtained at T2 with a value of 68.89 g/m²·h. The in vitro degradation test showed the best degradation rate of 31.22% at T4 after 21 days. The formulated hydrogels showed inhibitory zones, and the largest inhibitory zones were found at T4 (10.08 mm) and T3 (10.47 mm) against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. The Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) experiment verified the formulations' angiogenic and biocompatible potentials, showing increased vascularization without any signs of embryotoxicity across a 14-day incubation period. These results imply that CS/CNF hydrogels with α-bisabolol oil are promising candidates for wound dressings, which can promote skin tissue regeneration.